Although Allaah mentions magic in reference to the era of Prophet Sulaymaan (alayhis salaam) in the Qur'an, and the devils who taught it to the Jews in that time period, it was present long before that, and in the Qur'an Allaah mentions that many of the Prophets were accused of being magicians, sorcerers. This shows that magic has been present since at least the time of Nuh (alayhis salaam).

Allaah says regarding the previous nations:

كَذَلِكَ مَا أَتَى الَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِهِم مِّن رَّسُولٍ إِلَّا قَالُوا سَاحِرٌ أَوْ مَجْنُونٌ

Likewise, no Messenger came to those before them, but they said: "A sorcerer or a madman!" (Adh-Dhariyat 51:52)

Regarding Prophet Saalih (alayhis salaam) and he was before Prophet Abraham (alayhis salaam), his people said to him:

َقَالُوا إِنَّمَا أَنتَ مِنَ الْمُسَحَّرِينَ

They said: "You are only of those bewitched! (Ash-Shu'ara 26:153)

And also regarding Shu'ayb (alayhis salaam), the same charge was made against him:

َقَالُوا إِنَّمَا أَنتَ مِنَ الْمُسَحَّرِينَ

They said: "You are only of those bewitched! (Ash-Shu'ara 26:185)

Regarding Prophet Moses(alayhis salaam):

قَالَ الْمَلأُ مِن قَوْمِ فِرْعَوْنَ إِنَّ هَـذَا لَسَاحِرٌ عَلِيمٌ

The chiefs of the people of Fir'aun (Pharaoh) said (about Moses): "This is indeed a well-versed sorcerer"... (Al-A'raf 7:109)

So all of this is clear evidence that magic has existed and was practiced from at least the time of Nuh (alayhis salaam). And Ibn Katheer, in his explanation of al-Baqarah (2:102) brings the narration from al-Hasan al-Basree that, "Magic existed before the time of Sulayman bin Dawud".